How awful and heinous was slavery?
Episode Two: The Age of Slavery (1800 – 1860)
The Age of Slavery illustrates how black lives changed dramatically in the aftermath of the American Revolution. For free black people in places like Philadelphia, these years were a time of tremendous opportunity. But for most African Americans, this era represented a new nadir. King Cotton fueled the rapid expansion of slavery into new territories, and a Second Middle Passage forcibly relocated African Americans from the Upper South into the Deep South. Yet as slavery intensified, so did resistance. From individual acts to mass rebellions, African Americans demonstrated their determination to undermine and ultimately eradicate slavery in every state in the nation. Courageous individuals, such as Harriet Tubman, Richard Allen and Frederick Douglass, played a crucial role in forcing the issue of slavery to the forefront of national politics, helping to create the momentum that would eventually bring the country to war. Below you can find the transcript to check the last two days of your class notes.
The Age of Slavery illustrates how black lives changed dramatically in the aftermath of the American Revolution. For free black people in places like Philadelphia, these years were a time of tremendous opportunity. But for most African Americans, this era represented a new nadir. King Cotton fueled the rapid expansion of slavery into new territories, and a Second Middle Passage forcibly relocated African Americans from the Upper South into the Deep South. Yet as slavery intensified, so did resistance. From individual acts to mass rebellions, African Americans demonstrated their determination to undermine and ultimately eradicate slavery in every state in the nation. Courageous individuals, such as Harriet Tubman, Richard Allen and Frederick Douglass, played a crucial role in forcing the issue of slavery to the forefront of national politics, helping to create the momentum that would eventually bring the country to war. Below you can find the transcript to check the last two days of your class notes.
Professor Gates
You can check your notes for the last few minutes here:
Douglass finishes his speech.
00:08:19Garrison leaps up and says to the audience, "Do we have here a chattel, or do we have a man?" and the audience responds, "A man." "And should this man be returned to slavery?" and the audience roared no.
00:08:32Frederick Douglass was launched.
00:08:34Yes. He was invited to join the Anti-Slavery Society as a lecturer.
00:08:38They hired him on the spot.
00:08:40They hired him on the spot, man.
00:08:44GATES: Douglass began to travel the North giving speeches, living proof of our nation's fundamental hypocrisy, showing audiences that a black person was every bit the equalof a white person.
00:08:58BLIGHT: Frederick Douglassgave us a critique of the United States that's unique and as powerful as any we've ever had.
00:09:09He's speaking to history, to the nation, to the world about the meaningof the United States and how it has betrayedits promise.
00:09:20There's no better voice of that story and that pain and that promise than Douglass.
00:09:30I mean, he's the Martin Luther King and then some of the 19th century.
00:09:36GATES: Douglass and his allies in the North forced slavery into national politics, making it an issue of intense debate.
00:09:44In the South, slaves pressed the issue themselves by running away whenever and however they could.
00:09:54Their stories filled a growing abolitionist press, giving rise to rumors of a vast network for escapees soon called the Underground Railroad.
00:10:07Part folklore, part propaganda, the Underground Railroad was never as large as we often imagine, but it was real.
00:10:17A loosely organized network of safe houses in the border states helped more than 20,000 runaways make their way to freedom.
00:10:27The network was run by free blacks and sympathetic whites, and it required immense courage from them all.
00:10:36This is one of the fewdocumented safe houses on the Underground Railroadand the site of at least one remarkable escape.
00:10:48WOMAN: Mary Corbett heard a knock on the door and it was an enslaved man who was fleeing, and the sheriff was after him, and he pleaded to her to help him.
00:10:57So, she brings him into the house and they go all the way up to the attic area, and she points to a very, very, very small, little door in the eaves and suggests that he try to crawl in there and hide himself.
00:11:11LARSON, VOICE-OVER: There's a pounding on the door.
00:11:12The sheriff and his posse are with him, and she opens the door and lets them in, and she tells them they're welcome to search any room in the house.
00:11:24Stop. Turn around.
00:11:25And here's the cupboard that Sam hid in.
00:11:29That? Yes. Mary Corbett brought him up here and he-- and he squeezed himself in there.
00:11:35My God. It's just so tiny.
00:11:36LARSON: And the sheriff decided not to look, because they didn't think that a man could fit in there.
00:11:41They would've just caught me.
00:11:42Ha! I'm too claustrophobic to go in there.
00:11:44I just said, "Look, let's make a deal." But if the sheriff is after you with his dogs and guns, you might find a way.
00:11:50That's incredible.
00:11:51No wonder they didn't look there.
00:11:53Right. Amazing.
00:11:57GATES: Infuriated by all the runaways, southerners pushed for harsh laws to stanch the flow, culminating in the notorious Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a watershed moment in American history.
00:12:18The law required northerners to help capture anyone even accused of being a runaway slave...
00:12:27turning the north into a police power for the south.
00:12:32It also placed every free black person in terrible danger.
00:12:37WOMAN: Every time you walked on the street, you were subject to being claimed as a slave.
00:12:42You're living every day afraid and watching over your shoulder to make sure that you're not being watched by someone who was looking for you or someone else and would happily take you if they can't find the someone else.
00:13:02GATES: As bounty hunters flooded northern cities, black people began to look for freedom in ever-more-distant places.
00:13:10Small numbers had been running away to Canada since the Revolutionary War.
00:13:15Now they began to come here-- to Niagara Falls on the Canadian border--in droves.
00:13:24Why Canada? No slavery.
00:13:28And no slavery meant no slave catchers.
00:13:30In Canada, a black person could serve on a jury.
00:13:35A black person could vote.
00:13:36A black person could own property.
00:13:39A black person could become a citizen.
00:13:42Canada was for black people what the United States was for white people-- the land of the free, the home of the brave.
we stopped here?
00:13:52Over 10,000 African Americans fled to Canada in the 1850s, including the most well-known conductor of the Underground Railroad-- Harriet Tubman.
00:14:06Tubman settled here, in the tiny town of St. Catharines, and joined this church, which became a hub for runaways.
00:14:16There are black families still living in this town who trace their roots back to those runaways, people whose ancestors took an almost unimaginable risk.
00:14:27WOMAN: Here is just one portion of the descendant wall from 1838 all the way to today.
00:14:34This is portions of the Cassiel family...
00:14:36You had to get out of the south, and you were on your own.
00:14:39What did you have? You didn't have a map, you didn't havethe education, you had nothing.
00:14:43So, you had to be able to rely on the north star, and yourself.
00:14:49I want to point out my immediate family.
00:14:52So, this is all my mother's side.
00:14:53This is the home team. Yeah.
00:14:55This is my mom's mom.
00:14:56And then, bounty hunters are after you.
00:14:59So, there was a lot at risk, and not many would do it and those that did, I mean, it's documented-- you had to be a little bit bent.
00:15:08You had to be... ha ha ha!
00:15:10You had to be totally crazy.
00:15:12Yeah. Ha! Yeah.
00:15:14When I was a youngster, we knew of the stories, but I never appreciated any of it, never looked back or even thought about it, until I was grown, and then it's like, "My God, my people did that?
00:15:27That's how we got here?" GATES: The very existence of these families, an entire community of people descended from escaped slaves, is a testament to their strength.
00:15:41BROWN: When I think about the Underground Railroad, it makes me want to claim slaves, right, as my ancestors, because they were genius in order to pull something off like this.
00:15:55I think about this and I think, wow, you know, slavery is not a shame on me, because my ancestors were some of the most creative, resourceful people in the history of the United States.
00:16:06That's a shame on the slaveholders.
00:16:08But there's no stigma that I bear by being descended from people who could do something like that, you know, who could pull something like that off.
00:16:18GATES: Unfortunately, the Underground Railroad was out of reach for almost all slaves.
00:16:24Only a fraction ever made it to freedom.
00:16:30Their stories are inspiring, but their experience was not typical.
00:16:37As the Civil War drew near, almost 4 million slaves remained trapped in a nation still struggling to resolve its most fundamental contradictions.
00:16:49Their lives were desperate, and the choices they faced are hard to contemplate.
00:17:06Covington, Kentucky-- the northern border of the slaveholding south.
00:17:14In January of 1856, an enslaved woman named Margaret Garner lived here on a farm.
00:17:22Margaret was 22, she was married, with 4 children.
00:17:27Freedom lay just 5 miles away, so she and her husband decided to run.
00:17:37They traveled by night and made it here, to the banks of the Ohio River, at dawn.
00:17:44This was the barrier between slave Kentucky and free Ohio.
00:17:49It was a quarter-mile wide and frozen solid.
00:17:55WOMAN: They got here just before sunrise.
00:17:57GATES: They must have been exhausted and terrified.
00:18:00And--and cold.
00:18:01And cold, yeah, and they look over there, and there's nothing but ice.
00:18:05Frozen solid.
00:18:06A natural foot bridge.
00:18:07A natural foot bridge to freedom.
00:18:15GATES: The Garners walked across the river, risking their lives with every step.
00:18:22And then, they arrived at a small house in Ohio, owned by a free black man.
00:18:29But their triumph was short-lived.
00:18:32Within hours, federal marshals had tracked the family down.
00:18:38They got a big block of wood and start ramming in the door.
00:18:41They try to go into the windows, and outside, a crowd is gathering, just to see this scene taking place.
00:18:48Inside, there's mayhem, there's alarm.
00:18:51People were hysterical at the thought that they were so close to freedom, and had only enjoyed it for two hours, and now, you know, it looks like they're gonna be returned into bondage.
00:19:03Nightmare. Yes.
00:19:05GATES: Barricaded in the house, Margaret Garner did something unthinkable.
00:19:10TAYLOR: As the marshals were battering in the house, Margaret Garner decided, rather than return to slavery, she would kill her children.
00:19:21[Door creaks] GATES: When the marshals finally broke in, they were confronted by a horrible scene.
00:19:38Margaret had slashed the throat of her daughter Mary.
00:19:43Mary lay on the floor dead.
00:19:47Hiding in the next room were her two young sons, still alive, but bruised and bleeding.
00:19:55Margaret, knife in hand, was quite clear about what she'd done and why.
00:20:02The only direct quote we have from Margaret Garner about the murder was she says, "I did the best that a mother could do, "and I would've done better and more for the rest.
00:20:15I've done the best I could." Meaning "I would've killed them all...
00:20:19Right. If I could've." And for her, she said, she said this to a couple of visitors who saw her when she was in jail, that this was freedom.
00:20:28She called her deceased toddler a bird for having flown into freedom.
00:20:39GATES: Margaret Garner quickly became a legend, celebrated and condemned across the country.
00:20:47What she had done became fodder for both sides of the slavery debate.
00:20:52Southern whites claimed that Margaret showed that black people were subhuman, capable of monstrous deeds, and in need of their master's paternal care.
00:21:03Abolitionists claimed that Margaret revealed the essential inhumanity of bondage.
00:21:09Margaret Garner stood for powerful ideas, images on both--all sides, and perhaps not enough for her own side.
00:21:24Just like "I'm not a poster child for abolitionism "and I'm not a defective mother, "but I am a woman who knows what it feels like, looks like, means to be a slave, and I don't want that for my children." GATES: Margaret Garner's story had a final tragic turn.
00:21:57An Ohio court ruled that as a slave, she was property, and couldn't be tried for murder.
00:22:05So, she was given back to her owner.
00:22:08And here, on a riverboat heading south, Margaret made one last decision about her family.
00:22:17She let her infant daughter Celia slip into the icy water and drown.
00:22:30If Celia had only lived 9 more years, she would've been free, but Margaret couldn't have possibly known that.
00:22:39Margaret preferred to kill her own children rather than to allow them to live the social death of slavery.
00:22:48It was a horrifying decision, but it tells us something about the America of its time.
00:22:56Slavery was so deeply embedded in the nation that violence seemed the only way to end it.
00:23:04And much more violence was coming.
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00:29:48henry I like seeing his expressions as he learns rightalong with us, sometimes sharing painful memories but tellingstories that need to be told.
00:29:59I'm very curious, as theaudience certainly would know, but there's a difference in ourages and i think it means we've had different experiencesas african-americans in this I'm curious aboutwhat you learned about being >> I was in high school in the '70s, AND AT THAT TIME THE BLACKARTS MOVEMENT Had come along.
00:30:16There were changes inadvertising and images, and so i had a pretty enlightenedhigh school experience.
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00:34:27[Birds chirping] With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, African Americans, like the country itself, were plunged into chaos.
00:34:41Their freedom at stake, they risked everything for victory.
00:34:475 years later, slavery was over, but what would freedom really mean?
00:34:55Reconstruction brought another period of roiling uncertainty, but never did African Americans relinquish their quest for the real prize--freedom and the rights of citizenship.
00:35:09The lengths they would go and the price they would pay make this one of the most inspiring stories in American history.
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Douglass finishes his speech.
00:08:19Garrison leaps up and says to the audience, "Do we have here a chattel, or do we have a man?" and the audience responds, "A man." "And should this man be returned to slavery?" and the audience roared no.
00:08:32Frederick Douglass was launched.
00:08:34Yes. He was invited to join the Anti-Slavery Society as a lecturer.
00:08:38They hired him on the spot.
00:08:40They hired him on the spot, man.
00:08:44GATES: Douglass began to travel the North giving speeches, living proof of our nation's fundamental hypocrisy, showing audiences that a black person was every bit the equalof a white person.
00:08:58BLIGHT: Frederick Douglassgave us a critique of the United States that's unique and as powerful as any we've ever had.
00:09:09He's speaking to history, to the nation, to the world about the meaningof the United States and how it has betrayedits promise.
00:09:20There's no better voice of that story and that pain and that promise than Douglass.
00:09:30I mean, he's the Martin Luther King and then some of the 19th century.
00:09:36GATES: Douglass and his allies in the North forced slavery into national politics, making it an issue of intense debate.
00:09:44In the South, slaves pressed the issue themselves by running away whenever and however they could.
00:09:54Their stories filled a growing abolitionist press, giving rise to rumors of a vast network for escapees soon called the Underground Railroad.
00:10:07Part folklore, part propaganda, the Underground Railroad was never as large as we often imagine, but it was real.
00:10:17A loosely organized network of safe houses in the border states helped more than 20,000 runaways make their way to freedom.
00:10:27The network was run by free blacks and sympathetic whites, and it required immense courage from them all.
00:10:36This is one of the fewdocumented safe houses on the Underground Railroadand the site of at least one remarkable escape.
00:10:48WOMAN: Mary Corbett heard a knock on the door and it was an enslaved man who was fleeing, and the sheriff was after him, and he pleaded to her to help him.
00:10:57So, she brings him into the house and they go all the way up to the attic area, and she points to a very, very, very small, little door in the eaves and suggests that he try to crawl in there and hide himself.
00:11:11LARSON, VOICE-OVER: There's a pounding on the door.
00:11:12The sheriff and his posse are with him, and she opens the door and lets them in, and she tells them they're welcome to search any room in the house.
00:11:24Stop. Turn around.
00:11:25And here's the cupboard that Sam hid in.
00:11:29That? Yes. Mary Corbett brought him up here and he-- and he squeezed himself in there.
00:11:35My God. It's just so tiny.
00:11:36LARSON: And the sheriff decided not to look, because they didn't think that a man could fit in there.
00:11:41They would've just caught me.
00:11:42Ha! I'm too claustrophobic to go in there.
00:11:44I just said, "Look, let's make a deal." But if the sheriff is after you with his dogs and guns, you might find a way.
00:11:50That's incredible.
00:11:51No wonder they didn't look there.
00:11:53Right. Amazing.
00:11:57GATES: Infuriated by all the runaways, southerners pushed for harsh laws to stanch the flow, culminating in the notorious Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a watershed moment in American history.
00:12:18The law required northerners to help capture anyone even accused of being a runaway slave...
00:12:27turning the north into a police power for the south.
00:12:32It also placed every free black person in terrible danger.
00:12:37WOMAN: Every time you walked on the street, you were subject to being claimed as a slave.
00:12:42You're living every day afraid and watching over your shoulder to make sure that you're not being watched by someone who was looking for you or someone else and would happily take you if they can't find the someone else.
00:13:02GATES: As bounty hunters flooded northern cities, black people began to look for freedom in ever-more-distant places.
00:13:10Small numbers had been running away to Canada since the Revolutionary War.
00:13:15Now they began to come here-- to Niagara Falls on the Canadian border--in droves.
00:13:24Why Canada? No slavery.
00:13:28And no slavery meant no slave catchers.
00:13:30In Canada, a black person could serve on a jury.
00:13:35A black person could vote.
00:13:36A black person could own property.
00:13:39A black person could become a citizen.
00:13:42Canada was for black people what the United States was for white people-- the land of the free, the home of the brave.
we stopped here?
00:13:52Over 10,000 African Americans fled to Canada in the 1850s, including the most well-known conductor of the Underground Railroad-- Harriet Tubman.
00:14:06Tubman settled here, in the tiny town of St. Catharines, and joined this church, which became a hub for runaways.
00:14:16There are black families still living in this town who trace their roots back to those runaways, people whose ancestors took an almost unimaginable risk.
00:14:27WOMAN: Here is just one portion of the descendant wall from 1838 all the way to today.
00:14:34This is portions of the Cassiel family...
00:14:36You had to get out of the south, and you were on your own.
00:14:39What did you have? You didn't have a map, you didn't havethe education, you had nothing.
00:14:43So, you had to be able to rely on the north star, and yourself.
00:14:49I want to point out my immediate family.
00:14:52So, this is all my mother's side.
00:14:53This is the home team. Yeah.
00:14:55This is my mom's mom.
00:14:56And then, bounty hunters are after you.
00:14:59So, there was a lot at risk, and not many would do it and those that did, I mean, it's documented-- you had to be a little bit bent.
00:15:08You had to be... ha ha ha!
00:15:10You had to be totally crazy.
00:15:12Yeah. Ha! Yeah.
00:15:14When I was a youngster, we knew of the stories, but I never appreciated any of it, never looked back or even thought about it, until I was grown, and then it's like, "My God, my people did that?
00:15:27That's how we got here?" GATES: The very existence of these families, an entire community of people descended from escaped slaves, is a testament to their strength.
00:15:41BROWN: When I think about the Underground Railroad, it makes me want to claim slaves, right, as my ancestors, because they were genius in order to pull something off like this.
00:15:55I think about this and I think, wow, you know, slavery is not a shame on me, because my ancestors were some of the most creative, resourceful people in the history of the United States.
00:16:06That's a shame on the slaveholders.
00:16:08But there's no stigma that I bear by being descended from people who could do something like that, you know, who could pull something like that off.
00:16:18GATES: Unfortunately, the Underground Railroad was out of reach for almost all slaves.
00:16:24Only a fraction ever made it to freedom.
00:16:30Their stories are inspiring, but their experience was not typical.
00:16:37As the Civil War drew near, almost 4 million slaves remained trapped in a nation still struggling to resolve its most fundamental contradictions.
00:16:49Their lives were desperate, and the choices they faced are hard to contemplate.
00:17:06Covington, Kentucky-- the northern border of the slaveholding south.
00:17:14In January of 1856, an enslaved woman named Margaret Garner lived here on a farm.
00:17:22Margaret was 22, she was married, with 4 children.
00:17:27Freedom lay just 5 miles away, so she and her husband decided to run.
00:17:37They traveled by night and made it here, to the banks of the Ohio River, at dawn.
00:17:44This was the barrier between slave Kentucky and free Ohio.
00:17:49It was a quarter-mile wide and frozen solid.
00:17:55WOMAN: They got here just before sunrise.
00:17:57GATES: They must have been exhausted and terrified.
00:18:00And--and cold.
00:18:01And cold, yeah, and they look over there, and there's nothing but ice.
00:18:05Frozen solid.
00:18:06A natural foot bridge.
00:18:07A natural foot bridge to freedom.
00:18:15GATES: The Garners walked across the river, risking their lives with every step.
00:18:22And then, they arrived at a small house in Ohio, owned by a free black man.
00:18:29But their triumph was short-lived.
00:18:32Within hours, federal marshals had tracked the family down.
00:18:38They got a big block of wood and start ramming in the door.
00:18:41They try to go into the windows, and outside, a crowd is gathering, just to see this scene taking place.
00:18:48Inside, there's mayhem, there's alarm.
00:18:51People were hysterical at the thought that they were so close to freedom, and had only enjoyed it for two hours, and now, you know, it looks like they're gonna be returned into bondage.
00:19:03Nightmare. Yes.
00:19:05GATES: Barricaded in the house, Margaret Garner did something unthinkable.
00:19:10TAYLOR: As the marshals were battering in the house, Margaret Garner decided, rather than return to slavery, she would kill her children.
00:19:21[Door creaks] GATES: When the marshals finally broke in, they were confronted by a horrible scene.
00:19:38Margaret had slashed the throat of her daughter Mary.
00:19:43Mary lay on the floor dead.
00:19:47Hiding in the next room were her two young sons, still alive, but bruised and bleeding.
00:19:55Margaret, knife in hand, was quite clear about what she'd done and why.
00:20:02The only direct quote we have from Margaret Garner about the murder was she says, "I did the best that a mother could do, "and I would've done better and more for the rest.
00:20:15I've done the best I could." Meaning "I would've killed them all...
00:20:19Right. If I could've." And for her, she said, she said this to a couple of visitors who saw her when she was in jail, that this was freedom.
00:20:28She called her deceased toddler a bird for having flown into freedom.
00:20:39GATES: Margaret Garner quickly became a legend, celebrated and condemned across the country.
00:20:47What she had done became fodder for both sides of the slavery debate.
00:20:52Southern whites claimed that Margaret showed that black people were subhuman, capable of monstrous deeds, and in need of their master's paternal care.
00:21:03Abolitionists claimed that Margaret revealed the essential inhumanity of bondage.
00:21:09Margaret Garner stood for powerful ideas, images on both--all sides, and perhaps not enough for her own side.
00:21:24Just like "I'm not a poster child for abolitionism "and I'm not a defective mother, "but I am a woman who knows what it feels like, looks like, means to be a slave, and I don't want that for my children." GATES: Margaret Garner's story had a final tragic turn.
00:21:57An Ohio court ruled that as a slave, she was property, and couldn't be tried for murder.
00:22:05So, she was given back to her owner.
00:22:08And here, on a riverboat heading south, Margaret made one last decision about her family.
00:22:17She let her infant daughter Celia slip into the icy water and drown.
00:22:30If Celia had only lived 9 more years, she would've been free, but Margaret couldn't have possibly known that.
00:22:39Margaret preferred to kill her own children rather than to allow them to live the social death of slavery.
00:22:48It was a horrifying decision, but it tells us something about the America of its time.
00:22:56Slavery was so deeply embedded in the nation that violence seemed the only way to end it.
00:23:04And much more violence was coming.
00:23:25ANNOUNCER: Funding for "The ANG THIS it isan important it is a journey through historythat brings new depth to our experience, and we hope bringsus together.
00:23:34I'm lyn may here >> thank you we are thisprogramming gives you a wealth pbs takes youon a journey that you can share with your family and there'san easy way to bring this story ask the operator about the they can be yoursfor an ongoing monthly gift for $7 as a sustainer or forone-time gift of that's this documentary seriesis so well think about what you're gettingfor what you contribute to the it's digestible, it's accessible, and, as sylviamentioned, if you join us as a sustainer, you become part ofthe family.
00:24:19What you do is, you have an ongoing monthlycontribution that you make that automatically comes from yourbank account or your credit card you decide the amount that is convenient for you, and younever have to think about it >> and there's someother ways we can show our appreciation. let's takea look at this.
00:24:43>> Announcer: Explore the evolution of theafrican-american people with professor henry louis gates, andexperience how the triumphs and tragedies helped shaped theculture and traditions of call nowand support this station with a monthly sustaining contributionof $7, or a one-time gift of $84, and we'll thank you withthe two-dvd set featuring the entire series, revealing how theroad to freedom was more like the course of a river, full ofloops and eddies.
00:25:17Our gift to you fora donation of $10 a month, or at the $120 level, is a copy of the companion book tothis unforgettable show, guiding you through the journey of whatit has meant and means to be for an ongoingdonation of $15 a month, or a single gift of $180, revisit andshare the entire five-century history for years to comewith both the two DVDs AND THE many rivers to cross" sheds new light on our historyand is only made possible thanks preserve the legacy of great storytelling for you, yourfamily and your entire community >> andthose are just some of the ways that we can say thank youwhen you call in your financial support. I'm a sustaining memberof this station.
00:26:10It's one of the ways that I can support theprogramming that it tells my history, it tellsyour history, it brings us even perhaps thiswas a program that you waited to perhaps you were surprisedat how much you relate to it and >>that's what we we and when you become a sustainer, it makes it easierfor us to commit to you, to so what does it mean?
00:26:46Sustaining gifts are ongoingmonthly contributions that automatically come from yourcredit card or your bank account this is a great way to support you can decide toupgrade whenever you'd like, and you decide the amount-- $5, $15,$30 a month-- whatever works for it's a wonderful way tomake some other thank you gifts if you'vealready called in, thanks so if you have not, what areyou waiting we'd appreciate right now,let's go back >> only on public television is thiskind of full-length documentary we tell you stories that bring you close to home; weexpand your horizons; we take we allknow that the civil war was a difficult time in this nation'shistory, obviously-- most of all therestill is tension between north that's why this program we invite you to experience these stories, to put yourselfin other people's place, to understand and know what thiscountry is and where you are in we invite you toshare new experiences with us.
00:28:00We also invite you to becomea member of this very special and the way you do thatis pick up the telephone, go to your computer, but get in touchwith us and make a donation that shows that you believe in publictelevision, that you understand our message and you want to bepart of bringing good history, great facts and good history toeveryone.
00:28:19>> Announcer: Sweeping through 500 years of history,"african americans: Many rivers to cross" gives new insightto the incredible stories and remarkable events of our pastand is only possible thanks to partnerwith us at the ongoing monthly level of $7, or a one-time giftof $84, and as our thanks we'll SEND YOU THE ENTIRE SERIES ONTWO DVDs, OFFERING Unprecedented depth and access that willinspire you, your family and contribute $10 a month as a sustainer, or a single donationof $120, for the companion book, 304 pages that will expand yourexperience, truly complimenting if you can't decide,both the two-dvd set and the book can be yours with agenerous financial gift of $15 a relivethis experience again and again, and know that you're helping tokeep the tradition of phenomenal >> whateverlevel is right for you, know that every contribution makesa difference at this station.
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00:29:48henry I like seeing his expressions as he learns rightalong with us, sometimes sharing painful memories but tellingstories that need to be told.
00:29:59I'm very curious, as theaudience certainly would know, but there's a difference in ourages and i think it means we've had different experiencesas african-americans in this I'm curious aboutwhat you learned about being >> I was in high school in the '70s, AND AT THAT TIME THE BLACKARTS MOVEMENT Had come along.
00:30:16There were changes inadvertising and images, and so i had a pretty enlightenedhigh school experience.
00:30:21But my husband was just three yearsolder than me and went to school in the south, and his highschool was desegregated in his so, it also depended on but this is whypublic television opens new it really doeshelp us better understand each >> when I was in highschool in the '50s, I WENT BACK To my high school a year after igraduated.
00:30:46My american history iremember this, there were six paragraphs about slavery,and they referred to abraham nothing about the that's why publictelevision is so >> we've had a long journey in thiscountry, and we still have a and these kindof documentaries help us look at >> the two-dvd set is a way to have this historyin-depth and with all of its with an ongoingmonthly of $7 as a sustainer, it can be yours or for a one-timeannual donation but the >>these are the experiences that weknow that you have your own and what happens isthe public television brings us now, we take you back to " ricans: Many Rivers to Cross" was made possible by...
00:31:53DIFFERENT ANNOUNCER:Senegal, Africa-- the Door of No Return.
00:31:58From these shores, millions of Africans went across oceans and continents, battlefields, racial barriers, and constitutional divides.
00:32:09Bank of America is proud to sponsor "Many Rivers to Cross," an epic journey through 500 years of African American history.
00:32:19We believe connectingto our past helps us all createa better future.
00:32:23Yeah. They have it. Wifi. Settings?
00:32:26May I, Mr. Jones? Please.
00:32:28ANNOUNCER: Some connectionsare generational...
00:32:30Thanks.
00:32:30ANNOUNCER: othersjust a few minutes.
00:32:32Either way, our signal is strong and deeply rooted in the community, the simple joyof staying in touch.
00:32:38DIFFERENT ANNOUNCER: the Howard and Abby Milst African American history is an epic story, our American history.
00:32:48We're proud to fund this important program.
00:32:50Please join us in supporting your public television station.
00:33:09The National Endowmentfor the Humanities.
00:34:27[Birds chirping] With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, African Americans, like the country itself, were plunged into chaos.
00:34:41Their freedom at stake, they risked everything for victory.
00:34:475 years later, slavery was over, but what would freedom really mean?
00:34:55Reconstruction brought another period of roiling uncertainty, but never did African Americans relinquish their quest for the real prize--freedom and the rights of citizenship.
00:35:09The lengths they would go and the price they would pay make this one of the most inspiring stories in American history.
00:35:25ANNOUNCER: Funding for "The African Aricans: Many Rivers to Cross" was made possible by...
ec: .Why was this on CNN and linked to Slavery?
http://zinnedproject.org/2014/02/hidden-black-history-of-white-house/
This is Black History Month, because our country has tried to remove the voice and stories of African-Americans so often, this month has been named Black History Month. This history is all our American heritage, and has many ideas linked to our course. Many people's stories are sometimes not heard. Further, the History Channel has some neat information. Please check out something and add it to your notebook. Remember that slavery, Manifest Destiny, and the industrial revolution, anti-immigration movements are happening simultaneously....
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-month
In 2016 the State of Delaware recently apologized for the American slavery system in a northern state (Wednesday, 2-10-16). This was a legislative and state act.
http://www.delawareonline.com
https://www.washingtonpost.com
We have many issues to cover in class, and we may miss some really good historical events, due to time constraints and state testing. The Amistad movie is a suggestion, and you should get it approved from your parents to watch. We will not be able to see in class the film Amistad, though I recommend this if you have never seen it. Any history student should see this to understand how really abhorrent slavery was and is still today.
http://biginvestigation-feds-failures-imperil-migrant-children
http://globalnews.ca-migrant-children-lost
The movie Amistad ultimately tells the story of illegal global slave trading and the US Supreme Court case that was part of the event. This is 1839 or so and, Van Buren was President. Please use the national archive link to find more interesting information on the case, and facts that swayed the court. We will be watching Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., later in Chapter 11 and 12. Since February 19th I hope we will be finish date for the ch.10 notebook.
https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/amistad/
Republicans in the 2016 Presidential race have really attacked each other. Jeb Bush had been calling Trump a "loser". Trump has insulted millions. And yet Trump still won the entire election. For the Democratic candidates, they want to tell voters they are the top civil rights advocate, but have many different historical paths. Now it seems that being in South Carolina they are in a heated battle for the African-American vote or any liberal vote. I also bring this up, because it seems that the Democrats are starting to make some problems for each other. The "kitchen sink" is being thrown at Candidate Sanders. http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/11/politics/john-lewis-bernie-sanders-civil-rights/
Some Democrats have said Bernie posted the picture below to win against Hilary Clinton. Some Democrats believed Bernie was trying to get the African-American vote. This photo below has never been attached to Bernie Sanders by his Bernie Campaign. John Lewis is saying that he never saw Bernie Sanders, which I wish looking at our current situation we would have seen more substance in the political talk. Mother Jones did try to piece what Bernie Sanders did during the 1960s. There are many journalists writing about his life and past since he is running for President. This happens to people running for the highest office in the land.
http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2016/
I have left you many images to try and assimilate the information or misinformation. To be equally fair to both Candidates in 2016, Hillary Clinton worked with the 1964 Goldwater campaign, in a time when they were much more moderate on some issues. [But remember conservatives and dixie-crats–southern democrats–felt that the worst US Supreme Court case in history was Brown v. Board of Education 1954]. Current cabinet nominees, like Ms. Devos are trying to dismantle the Brown positive consequences.
http://www.slate.com/articles/news
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/pubs
http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive
One note: Barry Goldwater who was a Republican, his wife Margaret Peggy Goldwater, was a co-founder of Planned Parenthood, this organization is now being attacked by Republicans today. https://www.washingtonpost.com
https://www.washingtonpost.com
http://www.politico.com/
You will need to research these ideas to reach your own conclusions. Follow the social contract, keep searching and be curious. There is so much to know and assimilate there may not be answers to some questions, maybe. But if you can critically think for yourself then we might improve our democracy. As we have seen on the Wayback this week and last week, if informed voters, even immigrants, use news, it can be the lifeblood of our Democracy. Post questions if you would like to know more or discuss the topics. Remember what the news and knowledge means for our Democratic Representative Republic?
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-month
In 2016 the State of Delaware recently apologized for the American slavery system in a northern state (Wednesday, 2-10-16). This was a legislative and state act.
http://www.delawareonline.com
https://www.washingtonpost.com
We have many issues to cover in class, and we may miss some really good historical events, due to time constraints and state testing. The Amistad movie is a suggestion, and you should get it approved from your parents to watch. We will not be able to see in class the film Amistad, though I recommend this if you have never seen it. Any history student should see this to understand how really abhorrent slavery was and is still today.
http://biginvestigation-feds-failures-imperil-migrant-children
http://globalnews.ca-migrant-children-lost
The movie Amistad ultimately tells the story of illegal global slave trading and the US Supreme Court case that was part of the event. This is 1839 or so and, Van Buren was President. Please use the national archive link to find more interesting information on the case, and facts that swayed the court. We will be watching Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., later in Chapter 11 and 12. Since February 19th I hope we will be finish date for the ch.10 notebook.
https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/amistad/
Republicans in the 2016 Presidential race have really attacked each other. Jeb Bush had been calling Trump a "loser". Trump has insulted millions. And yet Trump still won the entire election. For the Democratic candidates, they want to tell voters they are the top civil rights advocate, but have many different historical paths. Now it seems that being in South Carolina they are in a heated battle for the African-American vote or any liberal vote. I also bring this up, because it seems that the Democrats are starting to make some problems for each other. The "kitchen sink" is being thrown at Candidate Sanders. http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/11/politics/john-lewis-bernie-sanders-civil-rights/
Some Democrats have said Bernie posted the picture below to win against Hilary Clinton. Some Democrats believed Bernie was trying to get the African-American vote. This photo below has never been attached to Bernie Sanders by his Bernie Campaign. John Lewis is saying that he never saw Bernie Sanders, which I wish looking at our current situation we would have seen more substance in the political talk. Mother Jones did try to piece what Bernie Sanders did during the 1960s. There are many journalists writing about his life and past since he is running for President. This happens to people running for the highest office in the land.
http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2016/
I have left you many images to try and assimilate the information or misinformation. To be equally fair to both Candidates in 2016, Hillary Clinton worked with the 1964 Goldwater campaign, in a time when they were much more moderate on some issues. [But remember conservatives and dixie-crats–southern democrats–felt that the worst US Supreme Court case in history was Brown v. Board of Education 1954]. Current cabinet nominees, like Ms. Devos are trying to dismantle the Brown positive consequences.
http://www.slate.com/articles/news
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/pubs
http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive
One note: Barry Goldwater who was a Republican, his wife Margaret Peggy Goldwater, was a co-founder of Planned Parenthood, this organization is now being attacked by Republicans today. https://www.washingtonpost.com
https://www.washingtonpost.com
http://www.politico.com/
You will need to research these ideas to reach your own conclusions. Follow the social contract, keep searching and be curious. There is so much to know and assimilate there may not be answers to some questions, maybe. But if you can critically think for yourself then we might improve our democracy. As we have seen on the Wayback this week and last week, if informed voters, even immigrants, use news, it can be the lifeblood of our Democracy. Post questions if you would like to know more or discuss the topics. Remember what the news and knowledge means for our Democratic Representative Republic?
Who We AreLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
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Our HistoryLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
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